A later study revealed that this preference for helpers over hinderers is present in infants’ visual attention by 3 months of age ( Hamlin, Wynn, & Bloom, in press). In contrast, infants showed no preference for a Pusher-upper over a Pusher-downer in a control condition in which an inanimate object was alternately pushed up and down the hill, suggesting that infants’ evaluations in the first condition rested specifically on the social nature of the characters’ interactions.
Infants robustly preferred the Helper, suggesting that they had evaluated the characters involved in the third-party interaction.
(2007) presented infants with a social scenario (adapted from Kuhlmeier et al., 2003, and Kuhlmeier et al., under review) in which a character, attempting to reach the top of a steep hill, was alternately pushed up the hill by a “Helper” and pushed down the hill by a “Hinderer.” Following habituation to this presentation, infants were presented with Helper and Hinderer and allowed to reach for the character of their choice. Twelve-month-olds categorize social actions in terms of their valence ( Premack & Premack, 1997) 9- and 12-month-olds expect one who is helped by one individual, but hindered by another, to behave differently toward the two individuals in future interactions ( Kuhlmeier, Wynn, and Bloom, 2003 Kuhlmeier, Wynn & Bloom, under review Wynn, 2008) and 6- and 10-month-old infants themselves approach those who have helped another and avoid those who have hindered another ( Hamlin, Wynn & Bloom, 2007). Recent research has suggested that young infants can identify and discriminate prosocial and antisocial behaviors between third parties. One way to determine how a potential social partner may treat you is through the observation of how he or she treats others. For successful existence within the social world, it is essential to be able to distinguish those who may help you from those who may harm you. From early in the second year of life, young toddlers direct prosocial cooperative behaviors toward both adults ( Warneken & Tomasello, 2006, 2007) and peers ( Brownell, Ramani, & Zerwas, 2006). The human tendency toward cooperation is present from very early in ontogeny.
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